高酸值米糠油酶法酯化脱酸研究

对脂肪酶Novozym 435催化高酸值米糠油酯化脱酸进行了研究.利用响应面分析法(RSM)优化脱酸条件.根据Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计原理对试验条件进行优化,在分析各因素显著性及其交互作用的基础上,得出米糠油酯化脱酸最佳工艺参数为:酶质量分数1.1％、甘油添加量0.42 mg、温度56.4℃、反应时间23.2 h.实际测得脱酸后米糠油酸值(KOH)由56 mg/g降为5.04 mg/g,游离脂肪酸酯化率达到91％,与模型预测值基本相符.     

旋耕刀曲面典型形状的研究

给出了描述旋耕刀曲面形状特征的３个角度参数：滑切角、起土角及偏切角，对比研究了日本典型旋耕刀ＦＴ８０３及Ｙ１５１和我国国家标准旋耕刀ⅡＴ２４５的这３个角度参数值，指出了旋耕刀曲面形状对其耕作性能和功耗的影响。     

凹坑形表面土壤减阻率试验及界面动态观察

利用切向粘附动态试验台，测试并研究了土壤含水率为35．1％条件下，玻璃和有机玻璃凹坑形仿生非光滑表面和光滑表面与土壤相互作用的摩擦阻力。采用二元二次回归正交组合设计试验方案，探讨当凹坑形非光滑表面和光滑表面在正压力和速度变化时，土壤摩擦阻力的变化规律，观察两种材料表面与土壤界面的动态变化，讨论试样表面形态与界面水膜及土壤摩擦阻力的关系。试验结果表明，在试验条件下，与光滑试样相比凹坑形非光滑表面玻璃试样减阻率为8．29％～24．65％，有机玻璃试样的减阻率为1．29％～8．18％。     

提高拖拉机覆盖件模具曲面加工精度的研究

通过拖拉机覆盖件模具的加工,分析了CAM软件在进行覆盖件模具数控程序设计时,影响曲面加工质量的相关因素;从刀具、加工方法、进退刀方式和切削参数等方面介绍了提高曲面加工精度和采取的改进措施。     

烟草花几何建模研究

为实现花冠联合植物的花朵几何建模,以烟草花为例,提出了一种基于球B样条曲线和参数曲面的花朵造型方法。通过对烟草花形态结构的观测分析,分别对雌蕊、雄蕊、花柄、花冠和花萼的几何形状进行了数学描述,提取了模型控制参数;结合颜色渲染色和整个花的拓扑信息,实现了烟草花整个模型的建立。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地对烟草花进行模拟,可控性强,建立的模型有较高真实感,为其他花冠或花萼联合的植物几何建模提供了方法。     

反求工程技术及实例分析

综述了反求工程技术的基本概念、应用领域和技术现状,并给出了反求工程技术在汽车领域的一应用实例。最后,指出了反求工程技术的未来发展方向。     

井渠结合灌区水资源多目标优化配置模型与应用

将灌区的经济效益和生态环境效益结合在一起综合考虑，在灌区水资源配置时不仅只追求获得最大经济效益，同时尽量将地下水位控制在适宜范围内，以维持地下水资源的采补平衡，实现水资源的可持续利用。按此原则，建立了井渠结合灌区水资源多目标优化配置模型。实例计算表明：应用此模型指导井渠结合灌区的水资源配置可实现真正意义上的地表水和地下水联合运用，提高水资源利用效率。     

The rehabilitation of an irrigation system along the Yellow River

The People's Victory Irrigation System which diverts water from the Yellow River of China covers a total irrigable area of 59 000 ha. The system encountered some serious problems in the first decade of its operation — salinity and waterlogging of irrigated land, siltation of irrigation and drainage channels, as well as a low efficiency of water use. This paper describes a series of structural and functional measures which have been adopted in the past 24 years for the rehabilitation of the system, including: improvement of the existing drainage system and construction of new drainage system on agricultural land, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies, a comprehensive programme to reduce the levels of siltation as well as the implementation of improved water management practices. A model for the optimal operation of the system by using system analysis theory as an aid in reducing the operation and maintenance (O & M) costs has been developed in recent years. The results are that the soil salinity has been controlled and the agricultural production has increased whilst the efficiency of water use has improved and the siltation levels reduced. Experience gained on this system has been successfully used in developing and managing other irrigation projects along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The proposed procedure of solving the said optimal model has also embodied some benefits from reducing O & M costs in operation.     

Influence of Cultural Practices on the Performance of Long Level Basins in Egypt

Several field studies were conducted tobetter understand the influence of culturalpractices, inflow rate and field conditionson the performance of modern surfaceirrigation systems in Egypt. Field datawere collected on wheat and cotton underEgyptian conditions in order to estimateinfiltration, roughness and performanceparameters. Tests were made with a varietyof inflow rates and a variety ofcross-section shapes (flat or furrowed andseveral furrow spacings). These studiesprovide information on expected values ofinfiltration and roughness parameterstypical of cracking clay soils in the NileDelta, as well as guidelines andrecommendations for use of long-levelbasins in Egypt.     

Using drainage systems for supplementary irrigation

The use of drainage systems for supplementary irrigation is widespread in The Netherlands. One of the operating policies is to raise the surface water level during the growing season in order to reduce drainage (water conservation) or to create subsurface irrigation. This type of operation is based on practical experience, which can be far from optimal.To obtain better founded operational water management rules a total soil water/surface water model was built. In a case study the effects of using the drainage system in a dual-purpose manner on the arable crop production were simulated with the model. Also, the operational rules for managing this type of dual-purpose drainage systems were derived.The average annual simulated increase in crop transpiration due to water conservation and water supply for subsurface irrigation are 6.0 and 5.4 mm.y^–1, respectively. This is equivalent with 520 × 10³ and 460 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for the pilot region (2 Dfl 1 US $). The corresponding investments and operational costs are 600 × 10³ Dfl and 9 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for water conservation and 3200 × 10³ Dfl and 128 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for subsurface irrigation. Hence, water conservation is economically very profitable, whereas subsurface irrigation is less attractive.Comparing the management according to the model with current practice in a water-board during 1983 and 1986 learned that benefits can increase with some 50 and 500 Dfl per ha per year, respectively.